Reindexing your database

In some situations database indexes can be corrupted, and you need to rebuild them with the REINDEX command.

How to reindex a database

Rebuilding indexes is very simple:

Connect to the database
Execute the following query: REINDEX DATABASE db_name;
If you are using multiple databases, repeat the steps for every database.
If Postgres.app shows the reindex warning, you can now hide it by clicking “More Info” and then on “Hide this Warning”

Reindexing all databases at once

If you have configured your path, you can use the reindexdb CLI tool that comes with PostgreSQL to reindex all databases on a server.

reindexdb --all --port=5432

(Replace 5432 with the port that your server is using)

Why should I reindex my databases?

In some situations indexes can become corrupted. This can happen because of bugs in PostgreSQL or because of changes in macOS.

Bugs in PostgreSQL that require a REINDEX are typically mentioned in the PostgreSQL release notes.

Changes in macOS that require a REINDEX are unfortunately not documented anywhere. The only problematic change we are aware of currently is that the default text sort order (collation) has changed in macOS 11, which means indexes created or updated on earlier versions of macOS are no longer valid and must be rebuilt.

How do I know if my database is affected?

It is very hard to tell if indexes have actually been corrupted or not. Postgres.app tries to detect some scenarios where an index could have been corrupted, and shows a warning suggesting to reindex your database.

If you are unsure, we recommend to perform the reindex operation to be safe.

How long does reindexing take?

For small databases it will take just a few seconds, but if you have a lot of data it could take a few minutes.

You can use the command REINDEX (VERBOSE) DATABASE db_name; to see status messages if you have a large database.

Please note that to perform the reindex any concurrent writing transactions need to come to an end and new transactions and sessions may need to wait for the reindex to finish. If any client keeps a writing transaction open, the reindex operation will block and wait for that without any warning. You can cancel and restart the operation if needed.

What happens if I don’t reindex?

Queries could return incorrect results (most likely missing rows)
UNIQUE columns may contain duplicate values

Troubleshooting

If you see ‘ERROR: must be owner of database’ you must connect to the database either as a superuser or as the owner of the database
If you see errors like ERROR: could not create unique index take a note on the message and the details, connect to the database in question, and manually resolve the unique conflict. When querying the data, try to avoid using indexes, e.g. by issuing SET enable_indexscan = off; SET enable_indexonlyscan = off; SET enable_bitmapscan = off; in the session you use for this. Then retry the reindex operation.

Backgrund Info on Collation Changes

If not explicitly requested otherwise (ICU collations), PostgreSQL uses the collations (language dependent rules for sorting text) provided by the operation system. PostgresApp sets the default locale (and thus collation) to ‘en_US.UTF-8’ when initialising a new cluster since PostgresQL 9.4.1 (End of 2014). However, UTF-8 based collations are not actually implemented in macOS (like in most BSD Systems). Thus, the effective sort order was rather following byte order, see Issue #216.

With the update to macOS 11, Apple started to use the ISO8859-1 collations for about half of the available locales, including the default locale of Postgres.app, ‘en_US.UTF-8’. As Database Indexes store the order of elements at the time these are inserted, corruption can happen if the sorting rules change later.

Is my database affected by macOS collation changes?

Postgres.app records the version of macOS where initdb was called, and also all versions of macOS that the server was started on. Since this information is not available for old data directories, Postgres.app guesses the macOS version used to call initdb for existing data directories based on the install history of macOS updates. If Postgres.app detects that the data directory was used both pre macOS 11 and post macOS 11 or the macOS version used for initdb of a data directory is unknown, it shows the reindex warning.

So the warning is a good indicator, but may not be absolutely accurate. If you prefer to do a manual assessment, here are some guidelines:

You are not affected if:

The database cluster (‘Server’ in PostgresApp) was initialized on macOS 11 or later.
You are still using macOS 10.15 or earlier.
initdb was run manually (not with the button ‘Initialize’ within PostgresApp) with --no-locale, --lc-collate or --locale set to “C” or “POSIX” or to an unaffected locale and no other libc-based collations are used on columns or in indexes. Database default collation can be shown with SELECT datname, datcollate FROM pg_database;, use of object level collations can be determined by joining pg_depend with pg_collation.
The database was restored from a logic dump (pg_dump / pg_dumpall) after updating the OS version (exception: range partion keys, see below).

You are likely affected if:

The the OS was updated from macOS 10.15 or earlier to macOS 11 or later ‘in-place’ with an existing PostgreSQL database.
You used Migration Assistant or TimeMachine to copy the user data containing a PostgreSQL data directory from a Mac using macOS 10.15 or earlier to macOS 11 or later.
You used pg_upgrade on macOS 11 or later to update a cluster inited on macOS 10.15 or earlier.
You copied over a data directory or a physical backup (pg_basebackup) from a Mac using macOS 10.15 or earlier to macOS 11 or later or vice versa.

There is no relation with the version of PostgresApp or PostgreSQL or with the architecture (Apple Silcon / Intel) in use.

Advanced Stuff

You can monitor the reindex progress:
- To see the finished objects, add -v to the reindexdb command line or (VERBOSE) to REINDEX DATABASE command
- To see progress during index creation in PostgreSQL 11 or newer have a look to the pg_stat_progress_create_index view in psql: TABLE pg_stat_progress_create_index \watch 1
- To monitor if the process waits to get a lock, look for wait_event ‘Lock’ in the pg_stat_activity view
To limit the time heavyweight locks are required, it is possible to run the reindex in batches, in parallel and concurrently. See documentation for the parameters.

You can limit the reindex-operation to indexes that contain text based columns. To display these:

SELECT indrelid::regclass::text, indexrelid::regclass::text, collname, pg_get_indexdef(indexrelid) 
FROM (SELECT indexrelid, indrelid, indcollation[i] coll FROM pg_index, generate_subscripts(indcollation, 1) g(i)) s 
JOIN pg_collation c ON coll=c.oid
WHERE collprovider IN ('d', 'c') AND collname NOT IN ('C', 'POSIX');

You can further limit the reindex operation to the indexes that actually became invalid with the help of the extension amcheck: bt_index_check('<index_name>', is_unique);
If you use clustered tables, you should recluster them after reindexing: clusterdb -a or CLUSTER <table_name>;.
In case you use partitioned tables with Range Partitioning on a text based column, it is possible, a repartitioning is needed. One way to do this (PostgreSQL 12 onwards) uses pg_dump with the --load-via-partition-root option.
In case you use CHECK constraints that depend on character order it is possible you have undetected constraint violations in the existing data. Unlike the UNIQUE violations mentioned before, these need to be searched for and resolved manually.
If you previously created indexes on text-based columns for use with pattern matching queries (LIKE, ~ operators), you may want to create additional indexes with the matching xxx_pattern_ops opclass to restore support for this.
When using streaming replication, the collations of the standby need to match these on the primary, otherwise corrupting the standby is likely just like if one of the machines’s OS is updated across the macOS 10.15 / macOS 11 boundary.

Postgres.app

The easiest way to get started with PostgreSQL on the Mac